mountain goat

Return of the Mountain Goat… on Mount Hood?

/ Tom Kloster / 9 Comments

Author’s note: I wrote a version of this article for the Mazama newsletter a few weeks ago, so I’m sharing an expanded version here, as this is a sequel to a WyEast Blog post from 2011. 

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Since posting an article more than a decade ago (“Return of the Mountain Goat”) proposing reintroduction of Rocky Mountain Goats on Mount Hood, I’ve received a steady stream of updates from area hikers with recent goat sightings on Mount Hood and in the Columbia River Gorge. Are they making a spontaneous comeback? 

Possibly. But I couldn’t have predicted the many related events that have unfolded since I wrote that first piece back in 2011, and they don’t necessarily help the case for bringing mountain goats back to Mount Hood – nor do they rule the idea out. It’s just much less clear, now.

The first big event was the Dollar Lake Fire on Mount Hood that roared through just a few months after I posted the article. While there had been fairly recent fires on the east slopes of the mountain (the Bluegrass Fire and Gnarl Fire), they had mostly burned below timberline and were also partly within the ecological zone known as “fire forests”. These are forests with fire-dependent species like Ponderosa Pine and Western Larch have evolved with fire as a regular occurrence on the dry east slopes of the mountain.

Dollar Lake Fire burning across Mount Hood’s north side in September 2011

The Dollar Lake Fire on the north side was different, largely burning subalpine Noble Fir and Mountain Hemlock forests, species that have not evolved to withstand fire. The result was a complete canopy loss along most of the north slope of the mountain. I’ve since been documenting the forest recovery in a series of WyEast blog articles, and it’s a story of remarkable resilience in an ecosystem where fires are both rare and devastating. 

However, if you were a mountain goat living on Mount Hood when that fire roared through in the late summer of 2011, you would likely have survived. Though the Dollar Lake Fire touched timberline in places like Elk Cove and Cairn Basin, most of the timberline and alpine habitat was untouched. This would have allowed goats living in the rocky areas at and above the tree line to escape the smoke and flames during the event.

The Dollar Lake Fire transformed more than 6,000 acres of subalpine terrain from dense forests to open huckleberry and beargrass fields. This scene is from 99 Ridge, above Elk Cove

The vast huckleberry and beargrass fields that now grow among bleached tree skeletons within the burn zone are prime habitat for wildlife, including elk, deer and bear. What is unknown is whether the new habitat would support mountain goats where it exposed rocky terrain that had been engulfed in forest cover over the past century – places like The Pinnacle or 99 Ridge (the rocky ridge that forms the west wall of Elk Cove, shown above).

We do know that when white migrants began streaming into the Oregon country in the mid-1800s, the Cascade forests looked much different than they do today, after a century of wildfire suppression. A series of survey photos captured from dozens of Forest Service lookouts in the early 1930s provide a remarkable record of just how open much of the high country surrounding Mount Hood was in places like Zigzag Mountain, Mirror Lake and today’s Salmon-Huckleberry Wilderness.

The northern slopes of Devils Peaks had been cleared by repeated fires over centuries in this 1933 lookout panorama. In the distance, the entirety of Zigzag Mountain was also an open expanse of huckleberry and beargrass fields. Mount Hood and the burned slopes near Mirror Lake are on the right

[Click here for a larger version]

These openings were created by repeated fires, some set by indigenous people who had used fire for centuries to maintain ridgetop fields of beargrass and huckleberries for food and medicinal purposes. Thin mountaintop soils and summer lightning strikes during our summer droughts combined to make these forests vulnerable to wildfire, as well – and still do.

The view across the Salmon Huckleberry Wilderness in 1933 shows most of the peaks and ridgetops now covered by timber to still open from centuries of repeated fires

[Click here for a larger version]

This 1932 view from Hickman Butte, in the Bull Run watershed, shows signs of recent fires in the foreground and on Sugarloaf Mountain (in front of Mount Hood), as well as the open northern slopes of Zigzag Mountain in the distance (and to the right of Mount Hood) created by fires

[Click here for a larger version]

In September 2017 we watched the Eagle Creek Fire burn through the Oregon side of the Columbia River Gorge. This was the first major fire in the Gorge in more than a century, burning much of the high country in the Hatfield Wilderness, as well as the steep, drought-prone cliffs of the Gorge walls. Thanks to the east winds that define the Gorge, we know that especially devastating fires were once common here, as shown in both the 1930s lookout surveys and in vintage late-1800s photographs by Carleton Watkins, the Kiser Brothers (below) and Benjamin A. Gifford.

The cliffs above today’s Warrendale community and McCord Creek canyon in the Columbia Gorge were mostly open when this photo was taken by the Kiser Brothers in 1903. The Eagle Creek fire of 2017 has returned this area to a similar post-fire habitat

Their early images show the rugged cliff walls and high ridges of the Gorge as we see them today, covered with lush, recovering understory that we know has been a boon to deer and elk populations. By comparison to the Mount Hood fires, the 2017 burn area in the Gorge opened much more steep, rocky terrain that could be favorable to goats.

When the 2020 wildfires swept through Oregon, one of the impacted areas was Mount Jefferson, where mountain goats had been transplanted in 2010 in a collaborative effort by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs (described here in the original 2011 post). State wildlife managers expressed concern over the fate of the goats at the time, given the scale of the fires.

Regrowth already beginning a few weeks after the Lionhead Fire in 2020 (USFS)

Like the Mount Hood fires, the 2020 fires around Mount Jefferson opened rocky terrain that had become heavily forested over the past century through human-fire suppression, though at Mount Jefferson the amount of burned alpine terrain is much more extensive in places like Park Ridge. We may eventually discover that these fires allow reintroduced mountain goats in this area to expand their range to burned places like the upper Breitenbush basin and even the Bull of the Woods wilderness.

Another unexpected development since the 2011 blog article was a National Park Service (NPS) decision to relocate hundreds of mountain goats from Olympic National Park to the North Cascades, in Washington State. This came as a shock to many, given the perceived iconic connection of goats to the Olympics, but the controversial plan was well conceived and deeply grounded in science when it swung into motion in 2018. 

Park Service staff transporting goats at Olympic National Park in 2018 (NPS)

Less known to the public at the time was that Rocky Mountain Goats were not native to the Olympics, and instead had been introduced by hunters in the 1920s. The combination of their environmental impact and (sometimes fatal) interactions with park visitors finally led to the NPS plan to eliminate the herds from the park.

By the summer of 2020, the Park Service had removed 381 goats from the park, with 325 of these relocated to the North Cascades. Most of the rest did not survive the capture or transport process, and 16 kids were transferred to area zoos. Some goats were left behind because of the difficulty of capture, and the Park Service scientists believe the number too small to regenerate a population.

The more jarring news is that most of the 324 relocated goats have not survived. The Park Service reported earlier this year that of the 151 goats among the transplanted population that were equipped with tracking collars, only four are now known to be alive. According to the scientists, the die-off is not simply a result of the relocation, but likely due to lack of suitable habitat – and especially climate change, which has resulted in summer drought and lack of forage for goats in the North Cascades.

Park Service staff transporting goats in 2018 (NPS)

We are in a period of rapid change for so many species, and our mountain goats can be added to that list. The Park Service estimates that 10,000 goats were living in the Washington Cascades as recently at 60 years ago, a number that has dropped to just 3,000 today.

What does this mean for bringing goats back to the northern Oregon Cascades? I remain optimistic that the return of wildfire to our high-country landscapes will create enough alpine and subalpine habitat for these animals to once again thrive here – that we will once again see Rocky Mountain goats where they had always been, on the snowy slopes of Mount Hood and along the rocky cliffs and ridgelines of the Columbia Gorge. 

Indeed, in recent years, there have been periodic sightings of lone goats on Mount Hood on the east slopes of the mountain, near the Newton Clark glacier, and on the west side, high on Yocum Ridge. One recent sighting made local news this summer when a hiker on Yocum Ridge captured a video clip that has since circulated widely (below).

Lone mountain goat spotted on Yocum Ridge earlier this year (KOIN-TV)

These recently spotted goats on Mount Hood almost certainly migrated from the herd that was transplanted to Mount Jefferson in 2010. The long trip north to Mount Hood would have required at least 40 miles of travel along a relatively low, mostly forested section of the Cascade Crest, crossing Highway 26 and perhaps Highway 35 along the way. These obstacles underscore just how adaptative these animals can be when searching for new habitat.

Hikers have also spotted mountain goats on the north side of the Columbia River Gorge in recent years, mostly near Dog Mountain. While there are several goat herds to the north of the Gorge in Washington State, in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, these are the first recent sightings within the Gorge, suggesting the Washington herds are expanding their range southward.

Lone mountain goat near Carson in the Columbia Gorge (Oregon Hikers)

Herd of four mountain goats on Dog Mountain (Oregon Hikers)

Hikers have also spotted the ghost-like appearance of a mountain goat grazing in a heavily forested area near Dog Mountain (below). This sighting confirms their ability to travel between their preferred higher-elevation terrain in search of new habitat, as would be the case for Washington herds migrating south through forests to the reach open cliffs of the Gorge.

Ghost in the forest spotted near Dog Mountain in 2020 (Oregon Hikers)

Recent goat sightings like these in the Gorge and on Mount Hood are a thrill, and they have made for a lot of excitement in the hiking community. Do they represent a trend and perhaps the return of this species to its historic range in WyEast Country?

Only time will tell, but it’s a hopeful glimpse of what may come!

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Tom Kloster | WyEast Blog

Return of the Mountain Goat

/ Tom Kloster

Rocky Mountain Goats by Albert Bierstadt

Along their return trip across the continent, on April 10, 1806, the Lewis and Clark expedition visited a small Indian village on what is now Bradford Island, in the heart of the Columbia River Gorge. Here, they traded for a beautiful white hide from what we now know as a Rocky Mountain Goat. Meriwether Lewis described it unmistakably in his journal as a “sheep”, white in color with black, pointed horns. The Bradford Island villagers told the expedition the hide had come from goat herds on the high cliffs to the south of what is now Bonneville, on the Oregon side.

Two days later, the expedition encountered another group of Indians, this time near present-day Skamania, on the Washington side of the river. A young Indian woman in the group was dressed in another stunning white hide, and this group also told of “great numbers of these animals” found in “large flocks among the steep rocks” on the Oregon side.

Rocky Mountain Goats by John Woodhouse Audubon

A century later, New York attorney Madison Grant produced the first comprehensive study of the Rocky Mountain Goat for the New York Zoological Society, in 1905. Grant described the historical range of the species extending from British Columbia south along the Cascade Crest to Mount Jefferson. At the time of his research, he reported that mountain goats had “long since vanished from Mt. Hood and from other peaks in the western part of the State, where they once abounded”.

Coincidentally, Grant’s report was published just a few years after the Mazamas mountaineering club formed on the summit of Mount Hood, selecting the Rocky Mountain Goat as their namesake and mascot — apparently, decades after the species had been hunted out in the Mount Hood region.

Early 1900s linen postcard from Glacier National Park

Another century later, on July 27, 2010, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs made history by releasing 45 Rocky Mountain Goats in the remote backcountry of Whitewater Canyon, on the east slopes of Mount Jefferson, just inside the Warm Springs Reservation.

The Mt. Jefferson release marked a symbolic and spiritual milestone for both conservationists and the Warm Springs Tribe, alike, restoring goats to their native range after nearly two centuries. The release also marked the first step in a major goat reintroduction effort, as envisioned in the landmark 2003 plan developed by ODFW to return goats to their former ranges throughout Oregon.

2010 release near Mt. Jefferson (Photo by Jim Yuskavitch/ODFW)

When the 2003 ODFW plan was developed, about 400 goats were established in the Wallowa and Elkhorn ranges, a few dozen in Hells Canyon, and a few scattered goats had dispersed just beyond these concentrations. The plan calls for moving goats from these established populations to historic ranges in the Oregon Cascades, including in the Columbia River Gorge. The proposed Gorge introduction sites include the rugged Herman Creek headwaters, the open slopes and ridges surrounding Tanner Butte and the sheer gorge face below Nesmith Point. The plan also calls for reintroducing goats at Three Fingered Jack and the Three Sisters in the Central Oregon Cascades.

Members of the Confederated Tribes holding goat kids at 2010 release (Photo by Jim Yuskavitch/ODFW)

The new effort to bring goats back to the Oregon Cascades is not without controversy. Conservation groups have taken the U.S. Forest Service and ODFW to court over lack of adequate environmental review of the plan to bring goats to the Gorge, and the agencies are now completing this work. The legal actions that have slowed the Gorge reintroductions helped move the Warm Springs effort forward, and are likely to move sites near Three Fingered Jack and the Three Sisters ahead of the Gorge, as well.

The 2003 reintroduction plan is also based on selling raffle-based hunting tags that fund the reintroduction program. This strategy is surprising to some, given the small number of animals surviving in Oregon. However, with the raffle for a single tag in 2010 raising nearly $25,000 for the program, it’s clear that selling hunting rights will help guarantee funding the reintroduction effort at a time when state budgets are especially tight.

Mountain Goats on Mount Hood?

The renewed interest in bringing mountain goats back to the Cascades, and the notable omission of Mount Hood from the ODFW plan as a release site, raises an obvious question: why not? The plan doesn’t provide details, but the likely arguments are lack of available habitat and the overwhelming presence of humans on Mount Hood.

The ODFW plan prioritizes sites that can support at least 50 goats, including space for adult males to roam separately from herds of females and juveniles. Without knowing a specific acreage requirement for individual animals, the following comparison of Mount Hood to the Goat Rocks area helps provide perspective — with an estimated 300 mountain goats thriving at Goat Rocks. These images are at identical scale, showing comparative amounts of alpine terrain:

The Goat Rocks (above) clearly has more prime habitat terrain at the margins of timberline, thanks to the maze of ridges that make up the range. But in total alpine area, the Goat Rocks are not much larger than Mount Hood (below), so it appears that Mount Hood has the space and habitat for at least 50 goats.

The human presence at Mount Hood is a more compelling argument against reintroducing goats. The south side of the mountain is busy year-round, thanks to three ski resorts, with lifts reaching high above timberline into what would otherwise be prime goat habitat. Snowshoers and Nordic skiers fill the less developed areas along the loop highway, making the south side one of the busiest winter sports areas in the region.

However, on the east, north and west sides of the mountain, human presence is mostly seasonal, limited to hikers in summer and fall along the Timberline Trail. These faces of the mountain have also been spared from development by the Mount Hood Wilderness, and thus offer long-term protection as relatively undisturbed habitat. This view of the mountain from the north gives a good sense of the many rugged alpine canyons and ridges that are rarely visited, and could offer high-quality goat habitat:

Since we know goats once thrived on Mount Hood, and adequate habitat seems to exist for goats to survive today, the real hurdle might simply be perception — that wildlife managers cannot imagine wild goats coexisting with the human presence that exists on some parts of the mountain. If so, we may miss a valuable opportunity to reintroduce goats where a large number visitors could view and appreciate these animals.

To help remedy this apparent blind spot, the following are a couple of digital renderings of what once was — and perhaps would could be — on Mount Hood. The first view is from Gnarl Ridge, on the east side of the mountain. Here, goats would find plenty of habitat in the high ramparts bordering the Newton Clark Glacier. This area is among the most remote on Mount Hood, so ideal for goats seeking a little privacy from human visitors:

The most obvious Mount Hood habitat is on the north side, on the remote, rocky slopes that border the Eliot, Coe and Ladd glaciers. This part of the mountain is only lightly visited above the Timberline Trail, and rarely visited in winter. It’s easy to picture goats making a home here, on the slopes of Cooper Spur:

(click here for a larger view)

Wildlife managers probably have good reason for skepticism about bringing goats back to Mount Hood. After all, the risks are clearly greater here than at less developed sites.

But let’s reverse these arguments: what if mountain goats were viewed as an end goal in restoring Mount Hood? What if this challenge were reframed as “what would it take for mountain goats to thrive here?” What if successful restoration of Mount Hood’s ecosystems were simply defined by the ability to support an iconic native species like the mountain goat, once again?
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To read an Oregonian article (PDF) on the 2010 Mt. Jefferson goat release, click here.